Private IP Address Ranges

Address ranges below are reserved by IANA for private intranets, and not routable to the Internet. For additional information, see RFC 1918.

10.0.0.0 ~ 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8 prefix)
172.16.0.0 ~ 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12 prefix)
192.168.0.0 ~ 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16 prefix)

Reserved and special use addresses:

0.0.0.0/8 - Current network (only valid as source address) RFC 1700
100.64.0.0 ~ 100.127.255.255 (100.64.0.0/10 prefix) carrier-grade NAT communication between service provider and 
subscribers
127.0.0.0 is reserved for loopback and IPC on the localhost.
127.0.0.1 ~ 127.255.255.254 (127.0.0.0/8) - loopback IP addresses (refers to self) RFC 5735
192.0.0.0/24 - reserved (IANA) RFC 5735
192.88.99.0/24 - IPv6 to IPv4 relay. RFC 3068
198.18.0.0/15 - network benchmark tests. RFC 2544
198.51.100.0/24 - TEST-NET-2. RFC 5737
203.0.113.0/24 - TEST-NET-3. RFC 5737
224.0.0.0 ~ 239.255.255.255 (224.0.0.0/4) reserved for multicast addresses. RFC 3171
240.0.0.0/4 - reserved (former Class E network) RFC 1700
255.255.255.255 is the limited broadcast address (limited to all other nodes on the LAN) RFC 919

255 in any part of the IP is reserved for broadcast addressing

0.0.0.0 in routing context means the default route (to "the rest of" the internet) RFC 1700
0.0.0.0 in the context of firewalls means "all addresses of the local machine" RFC 1700

APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing) and Link-Local addressing

Both APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing) and Link-Local addressing are mechanisms that allow devices on a network to self-configure an IP address in the absence of a DHCP server. They are used in different protocols and have different characteristics. Here’s a comparison:

Protocols:

APIPA: Used in IPv4.
Link-Local: Used in IPv6. It’s also sometimes used as a term for APIPA in the IPv4 context, but when we’re distinguishing between the two, “Link-Local” typically refers to IPv6.

Address Ranges:

APIPA: 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254 with a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0.
Link-Local: fe80::/10. Any IPv6 address that starts with “fe80” is a link-local address.

Usage:

APIPA: Devices use this address when a DHCP server is unavailable on the network. It allows for basic communication within the local network but not with external networks.
Link-Local: In IPv6, every interface will automatically get a link-local address in addition to other types of addresses it might have. Link-local addresses in IPv6 are used for local network operations such as Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP).

Router Behavior:

APIPA: Routers don’t forward packets with APIPA addresses.
Link-Local: In IPv6, routers don’t forward packets with link-local addresses either.

Determination Method:

APIPA: If an IPv4 device does not receive an IP address from a DHCP server, it will auto-assign itself an address from the APIPA range.
Link-Local: For IPv6, link-local addresses are automatically derived from the device’s MAC address, though they can also be manually configured.

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